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This module allows you to spawn processes, connect to their
input/output/error pipes, and obtain their return codes. This module
intends to replace several other, older modules and functions, like:
os.system
os.spawn*
Information about how the subprocess module can be used to replace these
modules and functions can be found below.
Using the subprocess module
===========================
This module defines one class called Popen:
class Popen(args, bufsize=-1, executable=None,
stdin=None, stdout=None, stderr=None,
preexec_fn=None, close_fds=True, shell=False,
cwd=None, env=None, universal_newlines=False,
startupinfo=None, creationflags=0,
restore_signals=True, start_new_session=False, pass_fds=()):
Arguments are:
args should be a string, or a sequence of program arguments. The
program to execute is normally the first item in the args sequence or
string, but can be explicitly set by using the executable argument.
On POSIX, with shell=False (default): In this case, the Popen class
uses os.execvp() to execute the child program. args should normally
be a sequence. A string will be treated as a sequence with the string
as the only item (the program to execute).
On POSIX, with shell=True: If args is a string, it specifies the
command string to execute through the shell. If args is a sequence,
the first item specifies the command string, and any additional items
will be treated as additional shell arguments.
On Windows: the Popen class uses CreateProcess() to execute the child
program, which operates on strings. If args is a sequence, it will be
converted to a string using the list2cmdline method. Please note that
not all MS Windows applications interpret the command line the same
way: The list2cmdline is designed for applications using the same
rules as the MS C runtime.
bufsize will be supplied as the corresponding argument to the io.open()
function when creating the stdin/stdout/stderr pipe file objects:
0 means unbuffered (read & write are one system call and can return short),
1 means line buffered, any other positive value means use a buffer of
approximately that size. A negative bufsize, the default, means the system
default of io.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE will be used.
stdin, stdout and stderr specify the executed programs' standard
input, standard output and standard error file handles, respectively.
Valid values are PIPE, an existing file descriptor (a positive
integer), an existing file object, and None. PIPE indicates that a
new pipe to the child should be created. With None, no redirection
will occur; the child's file handles will be inherited from the
parent. Additionally, stderr can be STDOUT, which indicates that the
stderr data from the applications should be captured into the same
file handle as for stdout.
On POSIX, if preexec_fn is set to a callable object, this object will be
called in the child process just before the child is executed. The use
of preexec_fn is not thread safe, using it in the presence of threads
could lead to a deadlock in the child process before the new executable
is executed.
If close_fds is true, all file descriptors except 0, 1 and 2 will be
closed before the child process is executed. The default for close_fds
varies by platform: Always true on POSIX. True when stdin/stdout/stderr
are None on Windows, false otherwise.
pass_fds is an optional sequence of file descriptors to keep open between the
parent and child. Providing any pass_fds implicitly sets close_fds to true.
if shell is true, the specified command will be executed through the
shell.
If cwd is not None, the current directory will be changed to cwd
before the child is executed.
On POSIX, if restore_signals is True all signals that Python sets to
SIG_IGN are restored to SIG_DFL in the child process before the exec.
Currently this includes the SIGPIPE, SIGXFZ and SIGXFSZ signals. This
parameter does nothing on Windows.
On POSIX, if start_new_session is True, the setsid() system call will be made
in the child process prior to executing the command.
If env is not None, it defines the environment variables for the new
process.
If universal_newlines is true, the file objects stdout and stderr are
opened as a text files, but lines may be terminated by any of '\n',
the Unix end-of-line convention, '\r', the old Macintosh convention or
'\r\n', the Windows convention. All of these external representations
are seen as '\n' by the Python program. Also, the newlines attribute
of the file objects stdout, stdin and stderr are not updated by the
communicate() method.
The startupinfo and creationflags, if given, will be passed to the
underlying CreateProcess() function. They can specify things such as
appearance of the main window and priority for the new process.
(Windows only)
This module also defines some shortcut functions:
call(*popenargs, **kwargs):
Run command with arguments. Wait for command to complete, then
return the returncode attribute.
The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor. Example:
>>> retcode = subprocess.call(["ls", "-l"])
check_call(*popenargs, **kwargs):
Run command with arguments. Wait for command to complete. If the
exit code was zero then return, otherwise raise
CalledProcessError. The CalledProcessError object will have the
return code in the returncode attribute.
The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor. Example:
>>> subprocess.check_call(["ls", "-l"])
0
getstatusoutput(cmd):
Return (status, output) of executing cmd in a shell.
Execute the string 'cmd' in a shell with os.popen() and return a 2-tuple
(status, output). cmd is actually run as '{ cmd ; } 2>&1', so that the
returned output will contain output or error messages. A trailing newline
is stripped from the output. The exit status for the command can be
interpreted according to the rules for the C function wait(). Example:
>>> subprocess.getstatusoutput('ls /bin/ls')
(0, '/bin/ls')
>>> subprocess.getstatusoutput('cat /bin/junk')
(256, 'cat: /bin/junk: No such file or directory')
>>> subprocess.getstatusoutput('/bin/junk')
(256, 'sh: /bin/junk: not found')
getoutput(cmd):
Return output (stdout or stderr) of executing cmd in a shell.
Like getstatusoutput(), except the exit status is ignored and the return
value is a string containing the command's output. Example:
>>> subprocess.getoutput('ls /bin/ls')
'/bin/ls'
check_output(*popenargs, **kwargs):
Run command with arguments and return its output as a byte string.
If the exit code was non-zero it raises a CalledProcessError. The
CalledProcessError object will have the return code in the returncode
attribute and output in the output attribute.
The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor. Example:
>>> output = subprocess.check_output(["ls", "-l", "/dev/null"])
Exceptions
----------
Exceptions raised in the child process, before the new program has
started to execute, will be re-raised in the parent. Additionally,
the exception object will have one extra attribute called
'child_traceback', which is a string containing traceback information
from the childs point of view.
The most common exception raised is OSError. This occurs, for
example, when trying to execute a non-existent file. Applications
should prepare for OSErrors.
A ValueError will be raised if Popen is called with invalid arguments.
check_call() and check_output() will raise CalledProcessError, if the
called process returns a non-zero return code.
Security
--------
Unlike some other popen functions, this implementation will never call
/bin/sh implicitly. This means that all characters, including shell
metacharacters, can safely be passed to child processes.
Popen objects
=============
Instances of the Popen class have the following methods:
poll()
Check if child process has terminated. Returns returncode
attribute.
wait()
Wait for child process to terminate. Returns returncode attribute.
communicate(input=None)
Interact with process: Send data to stdin. Read data from stdout
and stderr, until end-of-file is reached. Wait for process to
terminate. The optional input argument should be a string to be
sent to the child process, or None, if no data should be sent to
the child.
communicate() returns a tuple (stdout, stderr).
Note: The data read is buffered in memory, so do not use this
method if the data size is large or unlimited.
The following attributes are also available:
stdin
If the stdin argument is PIPE, this attribute is a file object
that provides input to the child process. Otherwise, it is None.
stdout
If the stdout argument is PIPE, this attribute is a file object
that provides output from the child process. Otherwise, it is
None.
stderr
If the stderr argument is PIPE, this attribute is file object that
provides error output from the child process. Otherwise, it is
None.
pid
The process ID of the child process.
returncode
The child return code. A None value indicates that the process
hasn't terminated yet. A negative value -N indicates that the
child was terminated by signal N (POSIX only).
Replacing older functions with the subprocess module
====================================================
In this section, "a ==> b" means that b can be used as a replacement
for a.
Note: All functions in this section fail (more or less) silently if
the executed program cannot be found; this module raises an OSError
exception.
In the following examples, we assume that the subprocess module is
imported with "from subprocess import *".
Replacing /bin/sh shell backquote
---------------------------------
output=`mycmd myarg`
==>
output = Popen(["mycmd", "myarg"], stdout=PIPE).communicate()[0]
Replacing shell pipe line
-------------------------
output=`dmesg | grep hda`
==>
p1 = Popen(["dmesg"], stdout=PIPE)
p2 = Popen(["grep", "hda"], stdin=p1.stdout, stdout=PIPE)
output = p2.communicate()[0]
Replacing os.system()
---------------------
sts = os.system("mycmd" + " myarg")
==>
p = Popen("mycmd" + " myarg", shell=True)
pid, sts = os.waitpid(p.pid, 0)
Note:
* Calling the program through the shell is usually not required.
* It's easier to look at the returncode attribute than the
exitstatus.
A more real-world example would look like this:
try:
retcode = call("mycmd" + " myarg", shell=True)
if retcode < 0:
print("Child was terminated by signal", -retcode, file=sys.stderr)
else:
print("Child returned", retcode, file=sys.stderr)
except OSError as e:
print("Execution failed:", e, file=sys.stderr)
Replacing os.spawn*
-------------------
P_NOWAIT example:
pid = os.spawnlp(os.P_NOWAIT, "/bin/mycmd", "mycmd", "myarg")
==>
pid = Popen(["/bin/mycmd", "myarg"]).pid
P_WAIT example:
retcode = os.spawnlp(os.P_WAIT, "/bin/mycmd", "mycmd", "myarg")
==>
retcode = call(["/bin/mycmd", "myarg"])
Vector example:
os.spawnvp(os.P_NOWAIT, path, args)
==>
Popen([path] + args[1:])
Environment example:
os.spawnlpe(os.P_NOWAIT, "/bin/mycmd", "mycmd", "myarg", env)
==>
Popen(["/bin/mycmd", "myarg"], env={"PATH": "/usr/bin"})
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� � } | j | � } | | | | | | f S( u| Construct and return tuple with IO objects:
p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite
i i Ni����i����i����i����i����i����i����i����i����i����i����i����( u Noneu _subprocessu GetStdHandleu STD_INPUT_HANDLEu
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isinstanceu intu msvcrtu
get_osfhandleu filenou _make_inheritableu STD_OUTPUT_HANDLEu STD_ERROR_HANDLEu STDOUT( u selfu stdinu stdoutu stderru p2creadu p2cwriteu c2preadu c2pwriteu errreadu errwriteu _( ( u1 /usr/local/python-3.2/lib/python3.2/subprocess.pyu _get_handlesK sP $
c C s+ t j t j � | t j � d d t j � S( u2 Return a duplicate of handle, which is inheritablei i ( u _subprocessu DuplicateHandleu GetCurrentProcessu DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS( u selfu handle( ( u1 /usr/local/python-3.2/lib/python3.2/subprocess.pyu _make_inheritable� s c C s� t j j t j j t j d � � d � } t j j | � s� t j j t j j t j � d � } t j j | � s� t d � � q� n | S( u, Find and return absolut path to w9xpopen.exei u w9xpopen.exeuZ Cannot locate w9xpopen.exe, which is needed for Popen to work with your shell or platform.(
u osu pathu joinu dirnameu _subprocessu GetModuleFileNameu existsu sysu exec_prefixu RuntimeError( u selfu w9xpopen( ( u1 /usr/local/python-3.2/lib/python3.2/subprocess.pyu _find_w9xpopen� s c C s t | t � s t | � } n | d k r6 t � } n d | | | f k r{ | j t j O_ | | _ | | _ | | _
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isinstanceu stru list2cmdlineu Noneu STARTUPINFOu dwFlagsu _subprocessu STARTF_USESTDHANDLESu hStdInputu
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GetVersionu pathu basenameu loweru _find_w9xpopenu CREATE_NEW_CONSOLEu
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executableu
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creationflagsu shellu p2creadu p2cwriteu c2preadu c2pwriteu errreadu errwriteu unused_restore_signalsu unused_start_new_sessionu comspecu w9xpopenu hpu htu pidu tidu e( ( u1 /usr/local/python-3.2/lib/python3.2/subprocess.pyu _execute_child� sP
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c C sF | j d k r? | | j d � | k r? | | j � | _ q? n | j S( u� Check if child process has terminated. Returns returncode
attribute.
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_readerthreadu Trueu daemonu startu stderru stdinu writeu IOErroru errnou EPIPEu closeu joinu wait( u selfu inputu stdoutu stderru
stdout_threadu
stderr_threadu e( ( u1 /usr/local/python-3.2/lib/python3.2/subprocess.pyu _communicate s@
c C s� | t j k r | j � ne | t j k rD t j | j t j � n= | t j k rl t j | j t j � n t d j | � � � d S( u) Send a signal to the process
u Unsupported signal: {}N(
u signalu SIGTERMu terminateu CTRL_C_EVENTu osu killu pidu CTRL_BREAK_EVENTu
ValueErroru format( u selfu sig( ( u1 /usr/local/python-3.2/lib/python3.2/subprocess.pyu send_signal4 s
c C s� y t j | j d � Wnj t k
r� } zJ | j d k rA � n t j | j � } | t j k rh � n | | _ WYd d } ~ Xn Xd S( u# Terminates the process
i i N( u _subprocessu TerminateProcessu _handleu OSErroru winerroru GetExitCodeProcessu STILL_ACTIVEu
returncode( u selfu eu rc( ( u1 /usr/local/python-3.2/lib/python3.2/subprocess.pyu terminate@ s c
C sE d d } } d d } } d d } } | d k r6 nB | t k rT t � \ } } n$ t | t � rl | } n | j � } | d k r� nB | t k r� t � \ } } n$ t | t � r� | } n | j � } | d k r� nW | t k r� t � \ } } n9 | t k r | } n$ t | t � r#| } n | j � } | | | | | | f S( u| Construct and return tuple with IO objects:
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c C si d } x= t | � D]/ } | | k r t j | | � | d } q q W| t k re t j | t � n d S( Ni i ( u sortedu osu
closerangeu MAXFD( u selfu fds_to_keepu start_fdu fd( ( u1 /usr/local/python-3.2/lib/python3.2/subprocess.pyu
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isinstanceu stru listu Noneu _create_pipeu _posixsubprocessu itemsu osu fsencodeu pathu dirnameu tupleu
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ValueErroru repru builtinsu decodeu RuntimeErroru
issubclassu intu strerroru ENOENT(- u selfu argsu
executableu
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creationflagsu shellu p2creadu p2cwriteu c2preadu c2pwriteu errreadu errwriteu restore_signalsu start_new_sessionu orig_executableu errpipe_readu
errpipe_writeu env_listu executable_listu fds_to_keepu gc_was_enabledu reached_preexecu _dup2u closedu fdu signalsu sigu exc_typeu exc_valueu errno_numu messageu errpipe_datau partu eu exception_nameu hex_errnou err_msgu child_exception_typeu child_exec_never_called( ( u
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c C sM | | � r | | � | _ n* | | � r= | | � | _ n t d � � d S( Nu Unknown child exit status!( u
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c C s� | j d k r� y; | | j | � \ } } | | j k rI | j | � n Wq� | k
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attribute.
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unregisteru closeu pop( u fd( u fd2fileu poller( u1 /usr/local/python-3.2/lib/python3.2/subprocess.pyu close_unregister_and_remove� s
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isinstanceu stru encodeu encodingu erroru argsu errnou EINTRu _PIPE_BUFu osu writeu OSErroru EPIPEu lenu readu append( u selfu inputu stdoutu stderru fd2outputu register_and_appendu close_unregister_and_removeu select_POLLIN_POLLPRIu input_offsetu readyu eu fdu modeu chunku data( ( u fd2fileu polleru1 /usr/local/python-3.2/lib/python3.2/subprocess.pyu _communicate_with_poll� sX
c " C s� g } g } d } d } | j r: | r: | j | j � n | j r\ | j | j � g } n | j r~ | j | j � g } n d } | j r� t | t � r� | j | j j � } n x| s� | r�y" t
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isinstanceu stru encodeu encodingu selectu erroru argsu errnou EINTRu _PIPE_BUFu osu writeu filenou OSErroru EPIPEu closeu removeu lenu read( u selfu inputu read_setu write_setu stdoutu stderru input_offsetu rlistu wlistu xlistu eu chunku
bytes_writtenu data( ( u1 /usr/local/python-3.2/lib/python3.2/subprocess.pyu _communicate_with_select s` "
c C s t j | j | � d S( u) Send a signal to the process
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u __main__(@ u __doc__u sysu platformu mswindowsu iou osu tracebacku gcu signalu builtinsu warningsu errnou Exceptionu CalledProcessErroru threadingu msvcrtu _subprocessu STARTUPINFOu
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check_callu check_outputu list2cmdlineu getstatusoutputu getoutputu objectu _PLATFORM_DEFAULT_CLOSE_FDSu Popenu _demo_posixu
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